TNF and infection: While IL-1β, IL-12p70, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-27, IFN-β, and GM-CSF levels did not change significantly in Δrng-infected mice (S2 Fig), WT infection sharply increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, and MCP-1 in the serum of mice (Fig 1F), indicating that RNase G plays a pathogenic role in inflammation induced by S. Typhimurium infection.