We have previously demonstrated that the immunoproteasome (ip), the most abundant proteasome isoform in immune cells, regulates the production of pro-inflammatory and chemotactic cytokines by monocytes/macrophages, the activation and differentiation of autoreactive CD4+ T cells, as well as cardiac inflammatory responses, both in viral myocarditis and in troponin I-induced AM [2, 12]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and viral myocarditis.