HIF1A and breast cancer: In breast cancer cells, nanomaterials disassemble into their constituents (BBR and AgNPs) in the cell's cytoplasm, resulting in the downregulation of PI3K/AKT and Ras/Raf/ERK to hinder HIF-1α expression (Figure 3) (Wang et al., 2017a; Bhanumathi et al., 2018).