On one hand, there is data supporting the idea that irradiation can modify the CAFs leading to abrogation of tumor promoting ability (50), however, there are also studies showing that irradiated fibroblasts can induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer cells and promote invasiveness through elevation of TGF-β levels (51, 52). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.