Among them, the enhanced functional capacity for the NF-kappa B signaling pathway in MS group is consistent with previous studies indicating that neonatal MS induces VH and visceral pain in rats that is mediated by activation of TLR4 and the NF-κB signaling pathway (Chen et al., 2015; Yuan et al., 2015) and further suggests that changes in the gut microbiomes caused by MS are involved in NF-κB activation in a rat model of IBS. Here, TLR4 is linked to irritable bowel syndrome.