VEGFA and endothelial dysfunction: Consequently, E-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) as markers of endothelial activation, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor -A (VEGF-A) as the regulator of angiogenesis, have been found to be potential indicators of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and risk of CVD (Stanimirovic et al., 1997; Blann et al., 1999; Poggesi et al., 2016; Billinger et al., 2017; Tchalla et al., 2017; Setyopranoto et al., 2019; Varona et al., 2019).