MMP9 and cancer: Control of MMP-9 secretion is a known anti-inflammatory effect of pioglitazone and other PPARγ ligands; they can modulate septin-2 in cancer cells preventing MMP-9 actions, and during the course of intestinal inflammations, down-modulation of PPARγ can make MMP-9 more stable (Kundu et al., 2014; Cao et al., 2015).