PTCH1 and columnar cell hyperplasia of the breast: Other studies report that D3NB can ameliorate memory deficits in a CCH model by enhancing hemodynamics and neovascularization (Xiong et al., 2017; Li et al., 2019c), preventing BBB leakage (Han et al., 2019), regulating the Shh/Ptch1 signaling pathway (Niu et al., 2019), or activating the antioxidative stress AKT/Nrf2 signaling pathway (Qi et al., 2018).