TNF and hypogonadism: Besides the usual risk factors for hypogonadism as the general population, HIV-related risk factors for hypogonadism include the duration of HIV infection, duration of ART, number of comorbidities, concomitant liver disease with HBV or HCV or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and presence of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-1 [29–31].