TSC2 and cancer: Although genetic events (e.g., copy number loss of TSGs) or methylation changes (e.g., promoter hypermethylation of TSGs) may independently or cooperatively offer proliferation or survival advantages to cancer cells, these processes may be constrained around certain genes or pathways (e.g., inactivation of TSC2 in the case of patient C10) that are essential to carcinogenesis in certain patients.