TGFB1 and neoplasm: In the present two studies, Prof. Ming O. Li et al. provide an alternative and “indirect” therapeutic strategy targeting the “hotbeds” of tumors, the tumor microenvironment (TME), instead of directly boosting the cytotoxic or killing capacity of tumor-specific T cells.1,2 Previously, they found that blocking TGF-β signaling in T cells inhibited tumor progression,4 and now they aim to figure out which type of T cell actually mediates this antitumor immune response triggered by TGF-β blockade.