TGFB1 and aneurysm: In contrast with direct TGF-β antagonism, treatment with antagonists of AT1R signaling, such as the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) losartan, invariably prevents the development of aneurysm in animal models; this beneficial effect associates with reduced levels of TGF-β ligand, pSmad2/3, and the expression of TGF-β target genes [117,143,159,313,434,435,436].