TGF-β regulation of LOX family member expression appears to occur though PI3K/Akt signaling pathways downstream of the TGF-β receptor (Figure 3), with TGF-β causing an increase in Akt phosphorylation and subsequently LOX family expression in cardiac fibroblasts in 2D cultures [82,87], whilst inhibition of PI3K has been shown to decrease LOX expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma SW620 cells [82]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and colorectal adenocarcinoma.