TNF and Alzheimer disease: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are associated with chronic neuroinflammation caused by a high production of several inflammatory factors including nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) [8,9,10].