SLC12A2 and brain ischemia: Furthermore, disrupted endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ homeostasis [99] and elevated extracellular levels of potassium, glutamate, interleukin-6 [100], interleukin-18 [101], interleukin 1β, and tumor necrotic factor-α [102] which happen during/post cerebral ischemia have been shown to stimulate NKCC1 mRNA gene expression in both neurons and astrocytes.