Viruses were also not immune to NO, as Hepatitis B was shown to be inhibited by NO via INF-γ, and chronic infection with Hepatitis B may induce increased NO, which can predispose hepatocytes to mutagenesis, potentially through a c-jun, an n-terminal protein kinase (JNK) [195,196]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and hepatitis B virus infection.