Strikingly, subcutaneous injection of SCF+G-CSF in the subacute phase (during 11–20 days post-ischemia) (Kawada et al., 2006) or in the chronic phase (14 weeks post-ischemia) (Zhao et al., 2007a) of ischemic stroke still shows significant reductions of infarct volume. The gene discussed is CSF3; the disease is ischemic stroke.