TMX1 and neoplasm: In this regard, Raturi et al. (2016) described that cancer cells with low levels of thioredoxin-related transmembrane protein 1 (TMX1) show increased Ca2+ release from the ER with a concomitant decrease in mitochondrial cation levels that results in reduction of respiration and glycolytic energy-based tumor growth (Ganapathy-Kanniappan and Geschwind, 2013).