AKT1 and renal cell adenocarcinoma: Therefore, RCC cells escape TKIs blockade through an important mechanism of activation of parallel downstream signaling pathways, among which PI3K/AKT and RAS/RAF/ERK are pivotal transduction cascades responsible for cell survival, proliferation, and invasion (Fresno Vara et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2015; Huang and Fu, 2015).