In spite of the anti-inflammatory effects by IL-450,61, 65–79*SE was able to upregulate various RA and pro-inflammatory genes (e.g. Adamtsl5, Pyr1, Mmp9, Cd74, Cd84 and Lat) and downregulate several anti-RA, anti-inflammatory, or pro-M2 genes (e.g. Rnase4, Col18a1Stk17b, Cd276, Cx3cr1), although these 65–79*SE effects were weaker than its effect in M1-polarizing conditions (Fig. 6A–C, Supplemental Table S1, Data File S4B). This evidence concerns the gene CD74 and rheumatoid arthritis.