AR and renal cell carcinoma: Next, we knocked down the AR expression via adding two AR-shRNA (shAR1# and shAR2#) in RCC AR-positive SW839 cells (Fig. 1k, left panel and Supplementary Fig. 1g) and OSRC-2 cells Supplementary Fig. 1d, and found a decreased 2D and 3D VM formation (Fig. 1l, 1m, left panel and Supplementary Fig. 1e–i).