AR and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: To dissect the molecular basis for AR’s effect on ccRCC VM formation, we screened the known critical genes linked with VM via qRT-PCR assay in RCC 786O cells after adding AR-cDNA (Fig. 2a, left panel) or RCC SW839 cells after adding shAR plasmid (Fig. 2a, right panel) to examine if any of those VM-related genes may be responsive to altering AR expression [29, 30].