47 showed that Metformin increased anoikis and inhibited migration/invasion of CCA cell lines (KKU-055, KKU-100, KKU-213 and KKU-214) in association with decreased Vimentin expression and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -7 activities; activation of AMPK phosphorylation together with suppression of nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB) being the mechanisms involved in these effects47,48. This evidence concerns the gene VIM and cholangiocarcinoma.