They manifest a large variety of functions in C. difficile: while CD119 represses expression of five clostridial pathogenicity locus (PaLoc) genes [61], other prophages may promote virulence: upon infection with CD38–2, up to two-fold rise in toxin A and B was detected in hypervirulent BI/NAP1/027 (ST1) strain [58]. Here, IFNGR1 is linked to infection.