INS and mastitis: Transcription factors: PP53, SP1, ligands INS, IFNG, EGF and protein kinases, like MAPK1, MAPK14, AKT1 were identified as important upstream regulators, whereas protein kinases MAPK3, MAPK8, MAPK14, ligands VEGF-A, IL-10, an extracellular protein MMP-2 and mitochondrial membrane protein BCL-2 were identified as key downstream targets of differentially expressed genes, which have key functions in immune responses, inflammation or mastitis, which may form strategies to improve the treatment of mastitis in cows caused by bacteria, e.g., E. coli (Sharifi et al. 2019) and others.