Further, cell-fate mapping mouse models demonstrate that pathogenic Th17 cells can further convert into Th1 cells producing IFN-γ, but not IL-17 (ex-Th17 Th1 cells), in an IL-23-dependent manner (Hirota et al., 2011), whereas TGF-β is critical for transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into Treg cells (ex-Th17 Treg cells) during the resolution of inflammation or in the cancer microenvironment (Gagliani et al., 2015; Downs-Canner et al., 2017). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.