ICAM1 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Additionally, ICAM-1 has been reported to interact with many signaling pathways in human diseases, such as ICAM-1-PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/GATA-6 pathway in atheroscherosis [49], ICAM-1-IL-6/AKT/STAT3/NF-κB pathway in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [50], and ICAM-1-PGE2/EP1 pathway in oral cancer [51].