TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: More specifically, Eeckhaut et al. [33] revealed a lower abundance of Butyricicoccus in IBD patients, while the introduction of Butyricicoccus in mice with TNBS-induced colitis reduced levels of proinflammatory factors including myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin- (IL-) 12 and improved intestinal mucosal barrier function.