TNF and deafness: In noise-induced deafness, proinflammatory cytokines or chemokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, Icam-1, and Ccl2, were increased in cells of the stria vascularis or lateral wall (Fujioka et al., 2006; Tornabene et al., 2006; Tan et al., 2016).