CD86 and Alzheimer disease: Most recently, it has been shown that MSC-derived EVs exerted potent therapeutic effects on AD in mice as evidenced by the improvement in pathological symptoms/clinical scores, decreased serum IgE level and number of eosinophils in the blood, and reduced infiltration of mast cells, CD86+ and CD206+ cells, and inflammatory cytokine levels in AD skin lesions [136, 137].