Differentiated BM-MSCs to insulin-secreting β-cells may also represent a promising strategy to treat DM and clinical complications, as documented by the amelioration of endothelium activation by decreasing fibrinogen levels, blood pressure, cytoplasmic calcium, and apoptosis (p53 and Bax), as well as by improving cardiac parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats [119]. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.