TGFB1 and breast cancer: To uncover the signal pathway mediating IGFBP7 upregulation, we analyzed the expression of Igfbp7/IGFBP7 in EC (bEND.3 cells and HUVECs) upon the stimulation of VEGFA and TGFβ, which can increase IGFBP7 expression in breast cancer and glioblastoma vasculature respectively (Pen et al., 2008; Komiya et al., 2014).