In addition, VAI was reported to be associated with the glucose distribution rate evaluated through the HIEG clamp test in a study on patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM)26, and it was shown to be inversely correlated with HIEG clamp tested insulin sensitivity in studies conducted on women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in South Korea and China27,44. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.