PlGF serum levels are significantly increased in CTRL (median: 279.3 pg/ml, range 50.9–1262) and GDM (median: 220.6 pg/ml, range 72.1–639.1) relative to GDM-PE (median: 57.4 pg/ml, range 41.9–313.63) and PE (median: 32.6 pg/ml, range 11–86.9) (Fig. 1a, CTRL vs GDM-PE, p = 0.007, 7.2 Fold Increase; CTRL vs PE, p < 0.0001, 12.6 Fold Increase; GDM vs GDM-PE, p = 0.01, 4.7 Fold Increase; GDM vs PE, p < 0.0001, 8,3 Fold Increase). The gene discussed is PGF; the disease is gestational diabetes.