Early seminal work in the field demonstrating the efficacy of anti-PD-L1/PD-1 [10] and CTLA-4 [11] immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to enhance anti-tumor immunity culminated in the first FDA approval of anti-CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma in 2011 and anti-PD-1 antibody pembrolizumab for advanced unresectable melanoma later in 2013. The gene discussed is CTLA4; the disease is melanoma.