TCF3 and osteoarthritis: 17 For the nociceptive activities of pain mechanisms, the marker for nerve injury by activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and the proinflammatory cytokines in the contralateral dorsal root ganglia had significantly increased in osteoarthritis knee models after 2 weeks of the induction by complete Freund adjuvant, 15 and glia cells had also occurred in the contralateral dorsal horn after 3 weeks in the osteoarthritis model.