TNF and asthma: As shown in Figure 1b-d, patients with asthma had significantly higher levels of IL-1β (19.74±16.77 vs. 2.63±5.22 pg/mL), IL-6 (7.55±8.65 vs. 2.37±2.47 pg/mL), and TNF-α (12.70±12.03 vs. 4.82±3.97 pg/mL) than the controls.