At the mRNA level, VVL-21 infection increased expression of M1 cytokine gene transcripts (IL6, IL12 and COX2) (figure 4F) and reduced expression of M2 cytokine gene transcripts (IL10, transforming growth factorβ or CCL22) (figure 4G) in naïve, M1-polarized or M2-polarized macrophages or during naïve macrophages co-culture with infected DT6606 cells (figure 4H). Here, IL10 is linked to infection.