TNF and cancer: To determine whether specific cancer-promoting pathways were shared across the hypoxia PC samples, we performed gene set variation analysis (GSVA) [27], which showed that the following GSVA signatures were upregulated in the hypoxia tumor samples: TNFA signaling via NFKB, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, TGFB signaling, glycolysis, NOTCH signaling, etc. (Fig. 1e).