AGER and diabetes mellitus: Although the mechanisms of diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications have not been unified, the current hypothesis suggests that its mechanism could be associated with the advanced glycation end products (AGEs) signaling pathway [3–5], including the receptor for advanced glycation end-product (RAGE) [6], and effects of inflammatory factors [7, 8], such as macrophage polarization, the macrophage migration inhibitory factor signaling pathway [9], changes in the microvascular wall structure [10], scavenger receptor upregulation [11], insulin resistance [12] and oxidative stress [13].