Further, a prospective cohort study showed that G. mangostana extract supplementation in diabetic individuals improved endothelial dysfunction by increasing endothelial progenitor cells and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, along with decreased concentrations of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers such as IL-1, IL-6, TNF, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde and nitric oxide [50]. Here, TNF is linked to endothelial dysfunction.