TP53 and cancer: In other types of cancer cells, derived from melanoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or breast cancer, cannabinoid-induced autophagy once co-occurring with apoptosis was cytotoxic in cells known to have wild-type TP53 [56,57] and played a cytoprotective role in MDA-MB-231 cells [32], which have defects in TP53. Experimental evidence supports an idea that p53 can act as either an activator or an inhibitor of both autophagy and apoptosis depending on its subcellular localization and this mode of action is beyond its transactivation function.