Notably, in our experimental setting LF pre-infection treatments (washed and unwashed) of SARS-CoV-2 infected cells could induce the expression of TGFB1, an immune suppressive cytokine pivotal for immune responses regulation, and dampen the expression of TSLP, which plays a critical role in initiation and perpetuation of airway inflammation by activating inflammatory and smooth muscle cells [55] and has been shown to be deregulated in intestinal inflammatory disorders such as ulcerative colitis where it induces the T helper 2 component [56]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.