This suggests that male GWI veterans may be showing more chronic glial activation, neuronal damage, and neuroinflammation than their male control healthy and symptomatic counterparts with IBS and ME/CFS because S100B is a marker of current BBB disruption and GFAP is a marker of current neuroinflammation [39,40]. Here, S100B is linked to myalgic encephalomeyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.