PNPLA2 and prostate carcinoma: The Podgorski laboratory also found that BMAds promote a Warburg phenotype (i.e., extensive glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen) in metastatic prostate tumors via HIF-1α activation and demonstrated that the lipolytic enzymes Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) are upregulated in BMAds exposed to prostate cancer cells, which paralleled a release of FFAs from the BMAds [32].