TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Even though mutations in transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TARDBP or TDP-43) are rather rare in ALS patients, a mutation in about 4% of all European familial ALS cases can be found with an associated protein accumulation in the cytosol of affected cells; this process appears to play a role in the pathology of some ALS cases, although it remains unclear how these mutations cause ALS [60].