This is supported by reports of patients with COVID-19 displaying increased levels of cytokines and chemokines [9], which have been shown to be released by TLR4 activation in pulmonary pathologies (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, TNF-alpha, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and beta [72,134]). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.