HMGB1 and COVID-19: However, elevated levels of TLR1/2/6 DAMPs, including beta-defensin-3 [94] (identified by TLR1/2 [95]) and high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) [96] (identified by TLR1/2/6 [97]), have been reported in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and serum collected from COVID-19 patients, respectively.