TNF and neoplasm: In the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors, several cell signaling pathways induce the expression of proinflammatory factors, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), chemokines, and vascular growth factors, promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of tumor cells, and increase angiogenesis [9].