INS and ischemic stroke: In addition to early findings of the role of PTP1B in mediating insulin signaling to regulate energy expenditure and adiposity [8, 9], recent studies further revealed that PTP1B is highly expressed in microglia [10] and is a positive regulator of neuroinflammation [11]; however, the roles of PTP1B in both ischemic stroke and microglia are unclear, and based on current evidence it is possible that inhibition of PTP1B after ischemic stroke may exert neuroprotective effects by attenuating neuroinflammation.