INS and Insulin resistance: Among diabetes-free individuals, we found genetic predisposition to insulin resistance (1-log increment in fasting insulin levels) to be associated with a higher risk for ischemic stroke (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.13–1.57), large artery stroke (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.12–2.31), and small vessel stroke (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.21–2.20; figure 2A).