This includes blood glucose from hypoglycemia to hyperglycemia (Niijima, 1969, 1983, 1989), osmolality (Lechner et al., 2011), natremia (Morita et al., 1990; Morita and Abe, 2011), lipids (Randich et al., 2001; Cox et al., 2004), proteins (Mithieux et al., 2005; Duraffourd et al., 2012), amino acids (Niijima and Meguid, 1995), and the hormones glucagon (Geary, 1990), GLP-1 (Nakabayashi et al., 1996; Balkan and Li, 2000; Vahl et al., 2007), leptin (Shiraishi et al., 1999), and CCK (Horn and Friedman, 2004). Here, LEP is linked to Hypoglycemia.